another newcomer here. First of all, let me thank you very much for this great piece of software, which I enjoy very much.
As the OP, I have very slow download speeds with this camera (I have the TS version, which is a clone of the original ToupTek version, if I'm not mistaken). Coincidentally, I own the same MiniPC with the same Celeron J4124. I got download speeds of about 2 seconds. Before that, I used a 2-GB(!) AstroBerry and there it only took 0.7 seconds.
I tried different USB cables, also very expensive ones, and tried it with a (powered) hub, but also by directly connecting it to the MiniPC. There was no measurable difference in speed.
My system is also very similar to that of OP:
Ubuntu 22.10
KStars 3.6.5 Stable Build: 2023-07-04T12:50:58Z
indi_toupcam_ccd driver Version 2.1.
Camera model is ATR3CMOS26000KPA
I also want to note, that I own another ToupTek camera, which I use for Guiding, the G2M178C. This is also relatively slow. Even with 2x2 binning it takes more than 1 sec, although I'm not sure, if the binning properly works, as it complains sometimes that 2x2 binning is not supported (this is a relatively recent message). Relatively frequently, this camera fails with an exposure timeout. (At least once per hour on average.)